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Kidneys







The kidneys are a pair of organs located in the back of the abdomen, just below the ribcage. They are about the size of a fist and have a bean-like shape. Each kidney contains about a million tiny filters called nephrons, which are responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood to produce urine. The kidneys also play a role in regulating blood pressure and producing hormones that help regulate red blood cell production and bone health. Histologically, the kidneys are composed of three main layers: the outermost layer, called the renal cortex, contains the nephrons and blood vessels; the middle layer, called the renal medulla, contains the renal pyramids where urine is collected; and the innermost layer, called the renal pelvis, where urine is funneled into the ureters and transported to the bladder.

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